Everything about Mondino De Liuzzi totally explained
Mondino dei Liuzzi (
1258 -
1326) was a medical professor at
Bologna and a pioneer of
anatomy in practice.
Mondino was born in Bologna, where he became a Professor of Medicine at the University. As such he reintroduced the practice of the
Alexandrian School, emphasizing the importance of
dissection by performing a series of public dissections in the early part of the fourteenth century. He systemized dissection and in 1315 published a manual called
Anathomia (also known as
De Anatome) which, due to the clarity of its text, became the literature of choice in nearly all European medical schools for three centuries after his time, running to a dozen or so editions, with successive commentaries by
Achillini,
Berengario and
Johann Dryander. It became such an authority that anything not represented was declared anomalous. Mondino's practice was to read from a text (from
Galen or one of his commentators) while seated in a professorial chair, with a
barber-surgeon carrying out the actual dissection and a demonstrator pointing out parts referred to. In Anathomia he divides the body into three cavities (ventres) - the
abdomen,
thorax and the upper, comprising the
head and
appendages. His general manner was to briefly note the situation and shape or distribution of textures or
membranes, and then to mention the disorders to which they're subject. The
peritoneum he describes under the name of siphac, in imitation of
Avicenna and
Rhazes, the omentum as zirbus, and the mesentery or eucharus as distinct from both. In speaking of the
intestines he describes the
rectum,
colon,
sigmoid flexure (of which, as well as the transverse arch and its relation to the stomach, he particularly remarks), then the caecum or monoculus, and the
small intestine divided into
ileum,
jejunum, and
duodenum. The
liver and its vessels are minutely, if not very accurately, examined, and the cava, under the name chilis, a corruption from the Greek koile, is treated at length, with the 'emulgents' (
kidneys).
Mondino's anatomy of the heart is remarkably accurate, to the extent that he seems to describe rudimentary
circulation of the blood, although he immediately repeats the old assertion that the left ventricle ought to contain pneuma or air, generated from the blood. His
osteology of the skull is rather erroneous, but his account of the cerebral meninges, though short, describes the principal characters of the dura mater. He briefly describes the lateral ventricles, their anterior and posterior cornua, and the choroid plexus as a blood-red substance like a long worm. He then speaks of the third ventricle, and one posterior, which seems to correspond with the fourth; and describes the infundibulum under the names of lacuna and emboton. On the base of the brain he describes the mammillary bodies and seven pairs of
cranial nerves (which seem to correspond to the
optic,
oculomotor,
abducens,
trigeminal,
facial,
vagus and
glossopharyngeal nerves).
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